Table 1
Percentage of Children in Grades 1 through 3 who Repeated a Grade,* 1993-2003
	1993	1995	1996	1999	2001	2003
Total	4.5	4.6	5.7	6.7	5.7	4.9
Gender
Male	5.0	5.4	7.4	8.5	6.8	5.8
Female	3.9	3.7	3.9	4.8	4.5	4.0
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	3.5	3.6	4.4	5.7	4.3	3.6
Non-Hispanic black	9.0	7.1	8.3	8.9	8.6	9.9
Hispanic	5.6	8.2	8.5	8.6	7.9	5.5
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.5	0.0	2.6	1.2	0.0	0.7
Parental Education
Less than a high school degree	11.8	9.5	12.9	13.8	15.4	10.4
High school degree/equivalent	6.3	5.8	7.3	8.6	8.3	8.4
Some college/technical vocational degree	2.8	4.6	4.4	5.3	4.7	4.1
Bachelor's degree or more	1.5	1.9	2.6	4.3	1.7	2.4
Immigrant Status
Native born with native born parents	-	-	-	6.8	5.7	4.8
Native born with a foreign born parent	-	-	-	5.5	4.3	4.2
Foreign born	-	-	-	8.7	6.8	8.1
Primary Language Spoken in the Home
Both parents' main language is English	4.5	4.4	5.5	6.6	5.6	5.0
One parent's main language is not English	1.4	8.5	17.4	3.3	8.3	5.9
Neither parent's main language is English	4.8	6.1	5.8	8.4	5.8	3.9
Poverty level
Household income at or below poverty line	-	-	-	-	-	10.0
Household income above poverty line	-	-	-	-	-	3.6
WIC benefits
Received WIC benefits in the past 12 months	-	6.6	4.6	7.8	6.5	6.6
Did not receive WIC benefits in the past 12 months	-	4.4	5.8	6.5	5.6	4.7
TANF/AFDC benefits
Received TANF/AFDC benefits in the past 12 months	-	7.8	9.9	12.4	-	14.0
Did not receive TANF/AFDC benefits in the past 12 months	-	4.2	5.0	6.0	-	4.2
Medicaid Receipt
Received Medicaid in the past 12 months	-	-	-	-	11.6	10.9
Did not receive Medicaid in the past 12 months	-	-	-	-	4.3	3.5
Food Stamp Receipt
Received food stamps in the past 12 months	-	8.3	9.6	13.0	14.5	11.2
Did not receive food stamps in the past 12 months	-	3.7	4.6	5.4	4.3	3.9
Urbanicity
Urban, inside urbanized area	4.1	4.9	-	5.9	5.9	5.1
Urban, outside urbanized area	4.4	4.7	-	7.8	6.2	3.9
Rural	5.5	3.9	-	8.1	5.0	5.0
Region
Northeast	5.1	5.9	5.0	6.0	4.6	5.1
Midwest	3.7	2.6	5.1	5.2	4.3	3.3
South	5.9	5.9	7.8	8.7	7.3	7.5
West	2.4	3.2	3.4	5.6	5.7	2.7
Neighborhood Poverty (of those under 18)
Less than 5 percent	3.4	3.2	-	4.1	4.3	2.7
5 to 9 percent	3.4	3.5	-	7.1	5.6	5.2
10 to 19 percent	6.2	7.1	-	9.5	7.4	6.8
20 percent and more	8.2	9.1	-	9.6	8.9	13.0
Type of School
Public	4.6	4.6	6.1	6.8	6.1	5.4
Private	3.0	2.7	3.9	5.1	5.4	5.4
Church-related	3.3	4.8	2.3	5.5	1.7	1.1
Current grade level
First grade	4.5	3.1	4.0	3.6	2.6	2.4
Second grade	4.4	4.3	6.3	9.5	8.4	6.1
Third grade	3.4	6.3	7.0	7.3	6.3	6.5
* Those who repeated Kindergarten are not included in these estimates.
Source: Child Trends' original analyses of National Household Education Survey data.